Civil procedure

Ontario: Adding a party after the presumptive expiry of the limitation period requires evidence

The decision in Laurent-Hippolyte v. Blasse et al. is a reminder that on a motion to add a party after the presumptive expiry of the limitation period, the plaintiff needs to file evidence of due diligence:

[21]           TWD argues that the motion must be dismissed because the Plaintiff nor any other affiant has provided any evidence as to discoverability during the relevant time period – that being the two-year period after the date of loss. TWD asserts that the absence of any such evidence is fatal to the motion.

[22]           I agree with TWD. There is absolutely no evidence in this case as to what occurred between the date of loss and the time that the Statement of Claim was issued.  While I accept that Plaintiffs should not be required to send pro forma letters and that the expectations placed on unrepresented Plaintiffs to identify tortfeasors should be low, this does not mean that a Plaintiff can succeed on these motions with absolutely no evidence on the issue.

[23]           At the very least the Plaintiff, or other affiant, could have explained what was happening in the relevant two-year period and/or describe the abilities that the Plaintiff did or did not have in pursuing the Claim. Without any evidence to this effect, a Court cannot determine, as stated in section 5(1)(b), “the day on which a reasonable person with the abilities and in the circumstances of the person with the claim first ought to have known of the matters referred to in clause (a).” I was provided with no evidence on the Plaintiff’s abilities or circumstances. I have no evidence of diligence or an explanation for any lack of diligence. When was counsel retained? What steps did counsel take if counsel was retained? If no steps were taken, why not?

Ontario: technicalities aren’t your friend

Here we have yet another example of the principle that relying on technicalities will rarely carry the day.

In Daly Square Inc. v. 1786097 Ontario Inc., the plaintiff moved for summary judgment dismissing a counterclaim as statute-barred.  The plaintiff had not requested this relief in its notice of motion, but did provide the expiry of a limitation period as a ground for relief.  The defendant (and plaintiff by counterclaim) relied on the notice of motion to argue that the motion to dismiss the counterclaim was not properly before the court.

The court, not surprisingly, had none of it:

[15]           It seems that this problem could have been avoided if the parties had clarified the issue and agreed to adjourn the motion, if necessary. The defendants were obviously aware before they prepared their factum that the limitation period applicable to the counterclaim was an issue. They responded to the issue in their factum and did not request an adjournment. Nonetheless, in these circumstances, I do not feel that it would be “just” to consider the request to dismiss the counterclaim when the request was not made in the notice of motion and the defendants are saying that they would have responded differently if it had been. However, it would not an “expeditious” or the “least expensive” approach simply to refuse to consider the limitation period when both parties have now devoted considerable time to the issue; doing so would likely prompt the plaintiff to bring a further motion, resulting in more expense and delay.

Ontario: the court will rarely consider limitations defences before pleadings clsoe

In Taylor v. Workplace Safety & Insurance Board, the Court of Appeal emphasised that only in rare cases will the court hear a motion to dismiss an action as statute-barred prior to the delivery of a defence:

[22]      Thus, it is not necessary to decide whether the motion judge was correct in holding that Taylor’s claim would be barred by the two year limitation period in the Limitations Act. We do note, however, that neither defendant has delivered a statement of defence. This court has held consistently that only in rare cases, if any, will we entertain a motion to dismiss an action as statute barred under the Limitations Act in the absence of a statement of defence. See Salewski v. Lalonde, 2017 ONCA 515 (CanLII), 137 O.R. (3d) 750, at paras. 42-46.

Ontario: The potential consequence of serving a Statement of Claim out-of-time

Scenario: A plaintiff pursues a claim by statement of claim issued within the limitation period, fails to serve the statement of claim within the time prescribed by the rules, the court refuses leave for late service, and if the plaintiff were to reissue the statement of claim the claim pursued in it would be statute-barred.  Is the claim out of time?  According to the Court of Appeal in Sultan v. Hurst, yes:

[1]         The appellant appeals the decision of the motion judge refusing to validate the late service of the statement of claim. The claim was issued within the two year limitation period following the accident, but was served more than two years after the expiry of the six month limit to serve a statement of claim set out in r. 14.08(1) of the Rules of Civil Procedure. By the time the claim was served, the limitation period had expired. Therefore, the practical effect of the motion judge’s order was to prevent the plaintiff from pursuing his claim.

I have trouble with this reasoning.  The proceeding in respect of the claim was commenced in time, which means there can be no limitations defence.  I gather that the motion judge found late service rendered the proceeding a nullity (or struck out the statement of claim?).  The motion judge’s decision isn’t available, so we can only speculate.  Either way, the impact of the decision was evidently that there was no longer a proceeding, and so it became necessary for the plaintiff to commence a new proceeding in respect of the same claim, but this new proceeding was out of time.

The Court of Appeal seems to have taken for granted that non-compliance with r. 14.08(1) nullifies (practically, if not technically) a proceeding.  I’m not sure this is necessarily so.

Ontario: More on adding defendants (and some pedantry)

Bhatt v. Doe has a good analysis of adding a defendant to proceeding after the presumptive expiry of the limitation period.  If you want to cite a recent decision, this is a good option.

In the spirit of pedantry I have two quibbles.  First, this:

[11]           The passing of a limitation period is fatal to a motion to add a party (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 21(1)). The doctrine of special circumstances is no longer applicable (Joseph v. Paramount Canada’s Wonderland, (2008), 2008 ONCA 469 (CanLII), 90 O.R. (3d) 401 at paras. 27 and 28 as cited in Parent v. Janandee Management Inc., [2009] O.J. No. 3763 (Master) at para. 29).

It’s now ten years since the Court of Appeal held that the special circumstances doctrine is no longer generally available.  Why do bar and bench feel compelled to make this point?   Who still argues special circumstances?

Second, this:

[12]           With respect to claims pursuant to the provisions of unidentified automobile coverage, discoverability is triggered when the insured knew or ought to have known about the material facts on which the claim is based. As stated by Justice Mackinnon in July v. Neal, 1986 CanLII 149 (ON CA), [1986] O.J. No. 1101 (C.A.) at para. 16:

…I have concluded that the time begins to run under such circumstances as the instant case, when the material facts on which the claim is based have been discovered or ought to have been discovered by the plaintiff by the exercise of reasonable diligence: Central Trust Co. v. Rafuse et al. [reported 1986 CanLII 29 (SCC), 31 D.L.R. (4th) 481], Supreme Court of Canada, released October 9 1986 – Le Dain J. (for the court) at p. 99 [p.535 D.L.R.].

See also July at para. 32, Hier v. Allstate Insurance Co. of Canada, 1988 CanLII 4741 (ON CA), [1988] O.J. No. 657 (C.A.) at para 35, Galego v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 2005 CanLII 32932 (ON SCDC), [2005] O.J. No. 3866 (Div.Ct.) at paras. 8 and 9, Wilkinson v. Braithwaite, [2011] O.J. No. 1714 (S.C.J.) at paras. 31-35.

With respect to any claim, s. 5 of the Limitations Act determines discovery.  There is no “trigger” beyond knowledge of the discovery matters.  Cases decided under the former limitations scheme, and applying the common law discovery rule, are not helpful because, as here, they cause the court to frame the issue incorrectly.

Ontario: When a limitation period expires on a Sunday

What happens if the limitation period expires on a Sunday? The decision in Golberg v. North East Community Care Access Centre reminds us that it’s extended until Monday:

[12]           Bayshore first argues that the Plaintiff’s claims fall outside the two year limitations period prescribed by the Limitations Act, 2002.  In particular, it points out that Mr. Golberg admits to having been dismissed from his employment on March 20, 2014, but that his action was started on March 21, 2016.

[13]           What Bayshore has failed to realize is that March 20, 2016 was a Sunday.  Under the Legislation Act, 2006, section 89(1) provides that a limitation that expires on a holiday is extended to the following day.  Accordingly, Mr. Golberg started this action within the appropriate time.

Nice try, defendants.

Ontario: limitation defences and r. 21

In Salewski v. Lalonde, the Court of Appeal casts doubt on whether there is any circumstance where r. 21.01(1)(a) is appropriate for determining a limitations issue except where pleadings have closed and the facts are undisputed:

[45]      However, the basic limitation period established by the Limitations Act, 2002 is now premised on the discoverability rule. The discoverability rule raises issues of mixed fact and law: Longo v. MacLaren Art Centre, 2014 ONCA 526 (CanLII), 323 O.A.C. 246, at para. 38. We therefore question whether there is now any circumstance in which a limitation issue under the Act can properly be determined under rule 21.01(1)(a) unless pleadings are closed and it is clear the facts are undisputed. Absent such circumstances, we are sceptical that any proposed limitation defence under the Act will involve “a question of law raised by a pleading” as required under rule 21.01(1)(a).

Ontario: r. 21 motions and limitation defences

Can you bring a r. 21 motion to strike a claim as statute-barred before delivering a statement of defence? Yes, the Divisional Court confirmed in Amrane v. York University, but only where it is plain and obvious that the plaintiff could assert no additional facts that would alter the limitations analysis:

[14]           I agree with the motion judge that the expiry of a limitation period is normally a defence that must be pleaded. However, as the Court of Appeal recognized in Beardsley v. Ontario, 2001 CarswellOnt. 4137 at para. 21, in those cases where it is plain and obvious from a review of the claim that no additional facts could be asserted that would alter the conclusion that a limitation period had expired, it would be unduly technical to require the delivery of a statement of defence.

See also this summary from Justice Stinson’s decision in Clark v. Ontario (Attorney General):

[12]        By way of response the plaintiffs argue that, save in exceptional cases (of which this is not one) courts do not entertain motions to decide limitation period issues prior to service of a statement of defence. In any event, they further contend, there are live factual issues that bear on the limitation issue, which are expressly raised in the statement of claim and preclude determination of the question on a pleadings-based motion such as this.

[13]        Strong authority for the former proposition can be found in Beardsley v. Ontario Provincial Police (2001), 2001 CanLII 8621 (ON CA),57 O.R. (3d) 1 (C.A.) where the Court of Appeal stated as follows (at paras 21 and 22):

[21]      The motion to strike based on the expiry of a limitation period could only be made pursuant to Rule 21.01(1)(a), which provides that a party may move for the determination of a question of law “raised by a pleading”. The expiry of a limitation period does not render a cause of action a nullity; rather, it is a defence and must be pleaded. Although we agree that it would be unduly technical to require delivery of a statement of defence in circumstances where it is plain and obvious from a review of a statement of claim that no additional facts could be asserted that would alter the conclusion that a limitation period had expired [for example expiry of the two-year limitation period under the Highway Traffic Act … in connection with a claim for property damage only, in circumstances where it is clear the discoverability rule does not apply] , a plain reading of the rule requires that the limitation period be pleaded in all other cases. See Pollakis v. Corner (1975), 1975 CanLII 597 (ON SC), 9 O.R. (2d) 691 (H.C.J.).

[22]           Plaintiffs would be deprived of the opportunity to place a complete factual context before the court if limitation defences were determined, on a routine basis, without being pleaded. Adherence to rules that ensure procedural fairness is an integral component of an appearance of justice. The appearance of justice takes on an even greater significance where claims are made against those who administer the law. …

[14]        More recently, Brown J. observed in Portuguese Canadian Credit Union Ltd. v CUMIS General Insurance (2010), 2010 ONSC 6107 (CanLII), 104 O.R. (3d) 16 (S.C.J.) as follows (at para. 33):

… I do not accept the submission of the Credit Union that its Rule 21 motion falls within the category of cases alluded to inBeardsley “where it is plain and obvious from a review of a statement of claim that no additional facts could be asserted”. InBeardsley the possibility of bringing a Rule 21.01(1)(a) motion before the close of pleadings was discussed in the context of a determination as to whether an action was statute-barred – for example, such as in cases where the injuries suffered in a car accident occurred on a date certain and nothing more could be said about that fact. That type of case is a far cry from the complex claim asserted in this proceeding. [Footnote omitted.]

[15]        In Canadian Real Estate Assn. v. American Home Assurance Co., 2015 ONCA 389 (CanLII) (at para. 2) the Court of Appeal again reminded us that “the exception in Beardsley … must be confined to cases that involve no legal or factual complexities.”

 

Ontario: Don’t bring limitations motions under r. 21.01(3)(d)

Does the expiry of the limitation period entitle a party to move under rule 21.01(3)(d) for an order staying or dismissing an action on the basis that the action is frivolous or vexations or an abuse of process?

Almost certainly not.  Evidence-based motions are the appropriate procedure for addressing a limitations defence, and these are brought pursuant to rule 20.

This is Justice Faieta’s review of the relevant jurisprudence in Kantor v. Fry:

[41]           However, the Defendant did not provide any case law precedent that support the use of Rule 21.01(3)(d) to stay or dismiss a claim on the basis of an expired limitation period.  While Rule 21.01(3)(d) was not specifically addressed, it is doubtful that such authority exists given that in Beardsley v. Ontario Provincial Police (2001), 2001 CanLII 8621 (ON CA),57 O.R. (3d) 1 (C.A.) the Ontario Court of Appeal  stated, at para. 21, that:

The motion to strike based on the expiry of a limitation period could only be made pursuant to Rule 21.01(1)(a), which provides that a party may move for the determination of a question of law “raised by a pleading”. [Emphasis added.]

[42]           In my view, where the determination of whether a claim is defeated by a limitation period turns on disputed facts, the better approach is a motion for a summary judgment using the tools that Rule 20.04 of the Rules of Civil Procedureprovides to resolve disputed facts.

[43]           In Boutin v. Co-operators Life Insurance Co. (1999), 1999 CanLII 2071 (ON CA), 42 O.R. (3d) 612 (C.A.), the Ontario Court of Appeal stated, at paras. 19-22:

To understand the scope of Rule 21, it is important to take into account the difference among Rules 20, 21 and 22, all of which seek to shorten or eliminate trials and thus reduce the cost of litigation. These rules are clearly related in their function, but they are not randomly interchangeable.

On a motion under Rule 20 the motions judge must determine that there is or is not a genuine issue for trial: see Irving Ungerman Ltd. v. Galanis (1991), 1991 CanLII 7275 (ON CA), 4 O.R. (3d) 545 (C.A.). That determination is based on the evidence filed on the motion. It is not based on the pleadings, apart from any admissions in the pleadings. Thus, a party responding to a summary judgment motion cannot sit back and rely on the pleadings. See 1061590 Ontario Ltd. v. Ontario Jockey Club (1995), 1995 CanLII 1686 (ON CA), 21 O.R. (3d) 547 (C.A.). Because of the provisions of Rule 20.04(4), if the only genuine issue for trial is a question of law, the motions judge may determine the question of law and grant judgment accordingly. Rule 20.04(4) provides that this will be done only where there are no facts in dispute which may give rise to a genuine issue for trial.

Motions under Rule 21 and 22 are different from summary judgment motions under Rule 20. Motions under Rules 21 and 22 focus on questions of law raised by the pleadings (Rule 21.01(1)(a)), or stated by agreement of the parties (Rule 22.01(1)). A Rule 22 motion brought by the agreement of the parties will, as a result of the provisions of Rule 22.04(a), be accompanied by an agreed statement of fact to the extent that facts are necessary “to enable the court to determine the question stated.” Rule 21.01(2) provides that there be no evidence on a motion under Rule 21.01(1)(a) “except with leave of a judge or on consent of the parties.” Since Rule 21.01(1)(a) requires that the question of law be raised by the pleadings there will generally be no need for evidence on a Rule 21.01(1)(a) motion. It seems clear to me that it was for this reason that the drafters of the Rules provided that there should be no evidence on a motion under Rule 21.01(1)(a), except for cases in which leave is granted or there is consent.

I do not think that the issue whether the policy limitation period is a bar to the appellant’s action is a question of law that should have been resolved on a Rule 21.01(1)(a) motion. As the motions judge’s endorsement indicates, the application of the limitation period in this case depends upon findings of fact for its resolution. This is also apparent from the appellant’s reply to the respondent’s statement of defence.  In my opinion, whether the respondent is entitled to rely on the limitation period in the policy has a significant factual component and is thus a matter which should be addressed at trial, not on a Rule 21.01(1)(a) motion. [emphasis added]

[44]           Finally, in Greatrek Trust S.A./Inc. v. Aurelian Resources Inc., [2009] O.J. No. 611, Justice D.M. Brown (as he then was) stated, at para. 19:

Further, an unhealthy devotion to Rule 21 motions exists at the present time in the Toronto Region. Too many parties regard Rule 21 motions as abbreviated surrogates for motions for summary judgment. Rule 21 motions are not even close cousins to motions for summary judgment. Summary judgment motions permit courts to review evidence in order to test the merits of a case – albeit a limited form of testing at present, but more robust testing will occur with the implementation of the improved Rule 20 on January 1, 2010: O. Reg 438/08. Rule 21 motions, by contrast, “focus on questions of law raised by the pleadings”: Boutin v. Co-operators Life Insurance Co. (1999), 1999 CanLII 2071 (ON CA), 42 O.R. (3d) 612 (C.A.), para. 21. As Osborne J.A. noted in Boutin, in most cases the application of a limitation period “depends upon findings of fact for its resolution”: para. 22. Evidence-based motions offer the more appropriate procedure by which to deal with the applicability of limitation defences. [Emphasis added.]